Estonia
Republic of Estonia
Current Population (Live)
Annual Growth Rate: +0.15%
Situated in Northern Europe, Estonia has a population of approximately 1.37 million—a modestly sized nation in population terms. The country extends across 45,227 km², translating to a density of 30 people per km². Its capital is Tallinn, and Estonian is the official language, while the euro serves as the national currency.
Population
1,372,341
Area
45,227 km²
Density
30/km²
World Rank
#156
Population Trend (1960-2050)
Historical data from 1960 to present with projections to 2050.
Annual Growth Rate by Period
Population growth has effectively stalled at 0% annually, suggesting the country is approaching or has reached a demographic plateau. Deaths (11.7 per thousand) now equal or exceed births (8 per thousand), resulting in natural population decline. The population skews older, with 21.3% aged 65 or above and 15.6% under 15, signaling rising dependency ratios.
General Information
- Capital
- Tallinn
- Region
- Europe
- Subregion
- Northern Europe
- Continent
- Europe
- Languages
- Estonian
- Currencies
- euro (€)
- Calling Code
- +372
- Top-Level Domain
- .ee
- Landlocked
- No
- UN Member
- Yes
- Timezones
- UTC+02:00
Population Details
- Total Population
- 1,372,341
- Land Area
- 45,227 km²
- Population Density
- 30 per km²
- Annual Growth Rate
- +0.15%
- Annual Growth
- +2,059 people
- Daily Growth
- +6 people
- World Population Share
- 0.02%
- Coordinates
- 59.00°, 26.00°
Global Population Share
Demographics & Economy
With a GDP per capita of roughly $31.4k, Estonia sits comfortably in the high-income bracket by World Bank standards. Unemployment sits at 8.3%, above the global average of 5.8%. The Gini index of 30.7 indicates a moderate level of income inequality.
Life Expectancy
78.5 years
GDP per Capita
$31,428
Birth Rate
8.0 per 1,000
Death Rate
11.7 per 1,000
Urban Population
70.7%
Fertility Rate
1.31 births/woman
Infant Mortality
1.6 per 1,000
Unemployment
8.3%
Literacy Rate
99.9%
Internet Users
92.2%
Under 15
15.6%
Over 65
21.3%
Health Spending
7.8% GDP
Gini Index
30.7
Age Distribution
0-14 years
215K
15-64 years
865K
65+ years
292K
Urbanization
Urbanization is well advanced, with roughly 70.7% of the population residing in towns and cities, above the global mean of 56%. Tallinn serves as the administrative heart of the country and concentrates much of its commercial and civic life. Net emigration of 13350.0 per thousand is thinning rural areas in particular, accelerating the concentration of population in cities.
970,245
70.7%
402,096
29.3%
Health & Education Indicators
Average life expectancy of 78.5 years is roughly in line with the global benchmark of 72.8. Infant mortality is remarkably low at 1.6 per thousand live births, indicative of high-quality maternal and neonatal care. Near-universal literacy (99.9%) provides a strong foundation for workforce development and civic participation.
Life Expectancy
World avg: 72.8
Fertility Rate
World avg: 2.3
Infant Mortality
World avg: 27.5
Literacy Rate
World avg: 86.7
Internet Users
World avg: 63
Major Cities in Estonia
Estonia has 1 cities with a population over 100,000. Click on markers to see details.
Population Projections (2026-2050)
Near-zero growth suggests that Estonia is entering a period of demographic stability—or, depending on policy responses, the early stages of decline. Below-replacement fertility of 1.3 births per woman means natural growth alone cannot sustain the current population level indefinitely. As a United Nations member state, Estonia participates in global discussions on sustainable development that will shape its demographic future.
| Year | Projected Population |
|---|---|
| 2026 | 1,372,341 |
| 2030 | 1,383,204 |
| 2035 | 1,402,280 |
| 2040 | 1,426,892 |
| 2045 | 1,456,555 |
| 2050 | 1,490,893 |
Population History (1960-2026)
Year-by-year population data, growth rates, and trends for Estonia.
Largest Cities in Estonia
Explore the biggest cities and urban centers in Estonia by population.
Neighboring Countries
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the population of Estonia?
The population of Estonia is approximately 1.4 million as of 2026, making it #156 in the world by population.
What is the capital of Estonia?
The capital of Estonia is Tallinn.
What languages are spoken in Estonia?
The main languages spoken in Estonia are Estonian.
How big is Estonia?
Estonia covers an area of 45,227 km² with a population density of 30 people per km².
Is Estonia growing or shrinking?
Estonia is growing at a rate of 0.15% per year, adding approximately 2,059 people annually.
What is the life expectancy in Estonia?
The average life expectancy in Estonia is 78.5 years.
What is the GDP per capita of Estonia?
The GDP per capita of Estonia is $31,428.